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STEM CREATING THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

These are the follicular stem cells, studied in Drosophila
Some stem cells take charge of their environment, shaping it to control the division and cell differentiation. And 'the findings from a study conducted by researchers at Rockefeller University AM direct from O'Reilly which report on Journal of Cell Biology . According to the classical view
stem cells are grown as an infant: lel surrounding host cells in a structure called the niche that not only provides nourishment but also to shift their behavior, determining whether they should reproduce and specialize. In other words, the niche is to give shape to the stem and not vice versa. Now
O'Reilly and his colleagues found evidence of more active stem cells while studying how these cells are held in the Drosophila ovary anchored to the insect. Previous research has shown that stem cells of the ovaries remain attached to their niche through the protein E-cadherin, but there remained the question of whether they also depend on integrins, surface proteins that bind the molecules of the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton.
The researchers found that follicle stem cells (FSC) escape from their niche when they are carriers of the mutant integrin. These cells have an abnormal shape, divide more slowly and have a characteristic shared with some cancer cells, not to stop when they come into contact with other cells.
Integrins attach to extracellular matrix protein called laminin A, normally pumped out by the same FSC. The mutant stem cells were not yet able to produce their own "docking" and reproduce slowly. The researchers also showed that the two other types of stem cells present in the ovaries, the germ stem cells and spare, do not produce integrins anchor. E 'therefore the interaction between laminin A and integrins to ensure that stem cells remain in place, showing that the FSC contribute the definition of their environment.

Federico Cesareo

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Genetics

genetics plays a major role in the problems of man and includes this measure is the quantity of money that the company 'can spend on genetic research. The company
'rarely funds with billions of euro each organic projects, but as many as 3 billion was committed for the complete sequencing of the genome project umano.Il can' be implemented with international assistance that you can 'give with the involvement of many laboratories around the momdo.
The potential benefits to science are immense. But perhaps the most
outlook 'challenging is the ability' to generate the large international genetics project that no doubt is the most 'complex universe itself Homo sapiens.
genetics influence the life of the world.
Each of us develops over time his personal vision of the universe and its role within it.
This worldview leads, in my opinion, the way we think and act defining our personality and therefore, the company 'in which viviamo.Dobbiamo pero' be able to adapt our knowledge in the world, and if necessary, change dramatically in order to accept them.
ignorance or rejection of new discoveries leading to a narrow-minded and settaria.Alcuni fundamental concepts of genetics resulted in a radical change in man, from the way to see if 'itself and its relation to the rest of the universe. Living organisms have a system of conservation and espessione information and show homology to many structures, including level of genes. The
know that there is a continuous series of relationships within the living world is an important concept that unites us to the rest of living organisms. This idea
radically disrupts any previous knowledge of the universe, it suggests a different view, in fact, the man who is no longer 'the expression' high center of the universe or the creation, but a way of life comparable to all the others. These
speeches in reality 'intrude into other spheres such as philosophy and religion, just' cause the gene would force us to the discussion of knowledge that would question the way we see ourselves.
Some of the most pressing social problems and indirectly have a genetic origin.
Consider, for example, some serious issues as prejudice, social suffering, to behavioral differences between races and between sexes.
Genetics offers ways to address these issues and analyze complex and unresolved.
one of the concerns over 'series of geneticists is the alarming rate at which we are destroying the natural environment, especially in the tropics, which is the most' vast reservoir of plants and animals. Even
this issue that goes 'against genetic' cause there is a need 'to preserve both the diversity' genetic resources.
Another problem with strong social impact as the health of our people.
Many geneticists are concerned that 'the human genome is every day more' exposed to environmental agents, especially chemical and radioactive substances, which are able to modify the genetic rearrangement in completely random fashion.
Most of these changes is inevitably damaging to the whole human race and living beings. Even in the short term these genetic changes may not alter the frequency of diseases and erditarie times more 'long, accumulating disease may eventually manifest itself as a "genetic bomb ticking."
Only through understanding the genetics of our life, in my opinion, we take conscious decisions in the future for all living beings on Earth.
Federico Cesareo

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How is stem cell retroviral

molecules crucial for this crucial and delicate Mantinato in "standby" are indicated by the initials H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, and are classified as so-called epigenetic modifications that influence patterns of gene activity WORDS CHIAVECellule staminaliUna cell embryonic stem cell is controlled by the presence and activity of protein modifications that silence any gene that could prematurely instruct the cell to develop in heart tissue or any other specialized tissue. Thanks to the simultaneous presence of different protein modifications, however, stem cells are ready to develop into specialized cells. This is the report in the journal Cell - Stem Cell, researchers from a broad scientific collaboration between the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), the Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), two structures that are part of the Agency Agreement for Science, Technology and Research (A * STAR), and the National University of Singapore (NUS). The molecules that provide this crucial and delicate in maintaining stand-by "are indicated by the initials H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, and are classified as so-called epigenetic modifications that influence the patterns of activation of genes in both human embryonic stem cells and in those mature.Gli scientists have also discovered that genes modified only by a marker, and more specifically H3K4me3, contain the genetic instructions for proteins that allow embryonic stem cells to proliferate or replicate. In the article published in "Cell-Stem Cell, the authors point out that" the prevalence of these genes may be linked to prorietà self-healing stem cells. " Determine how embryonic stem cells are modified by these epigenetic markers may help to explain the unique characteristics of these cells, the ability of self-renewal and pluripotency.
Federico Cesareo

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Cooperation

The discovery of this new "trick" used by HIV to survive suggests that in an infected organism may be much more active than thought viirus WORDS CHIAVEHivreplicazione viraleUna new mode of replication of the retrovirus was del'Hiv discovery by researchers at New York University, illustrating their findings in an article published in the journal Retrovirology. We know that on average only one in a hundred HIV virus is able to successfully complete the integration of its genetic material into the host cell, taking a step essential in order to reproduce. But now a study conducted by a team of researchers led by David N. Levy revealed the existence of a cooperative mechanism that allows you to replicate to some of the remaining 99 viruses, which have also their part in the development of AIDS. According to Levy, HIV functions almost like a community in which the virus can integrate into the DNA of the cell help the least efficient supply of proteins that are necessary for their riprodursi.Questi virus, which went so far considered "lost" and had no influence on the development of the disease just because of the lack of integration may actually even be an advantage over others because, skipping some steps in the replication process, they reproduce faster. "Cooperation between different viruses is another of the tricks used by HIV to survive and it opens the possibility to the fact that there are many in the body viirus more active than previously thought. Understanding how they interact with each other is one of the keys to understanding how HIV evolves and survives the immune response, and we hope that eventually lead us to develop new ways to treat the infection, "Federico Cesareo

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lymphocytes are traitors to terms with the molecules

A type of lymphocytes, regulatory T, help the cancer to survive instead of destroying it. Now it was discovered that a molecule called OX40 is able to make innocuiUna promising innovation for the immunotherapy of the future were defined as the results of the work published by Silvia Piconese the Department of Experimental Oncology National Cancer Institute of Milano.Utilizzare the patient's immune system against cancer, seen as a foreign agent to eliminate, is the basic principle of immunotherapy that has proved a useful tool for the treatment of various cancers. Despite the good results already obtained, there are still many obstacles to achieve full effectiveness of these therapies, the first of the complexity of the immune response and the interactions among many cell types that make up the system immunitario.Piconese and colleagues studied a particular type of cell, regulatory T lymphocytes (T reg), considered a major obstacle to successful immunotherapy.
Federico Cesareo